Information security governance establishes the framework used to align technology risk metrics with broader corporate strategy and risk appetite boundaries. Rather than allowing IT departments to select security controls in isolation, modern organizations deploy standardized security frameworks like the NIST Cybersecurity Framework or ISO 27001.
  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
  │             NIST CYBERSECURITY GOVERNANCE BASE         │
  └───────────────────────────┬────────────────────────────┘
                              ▼
  ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
  │   IDENTIFY ──► Map Asset Systems & Software Nodes      │
  │   PROTECT  ──► Implement Access Control Boundaries     │
  │   DETECT   ──► Run SIEM Systems & Monitoring Scripts    │
  │   RESPOND  ──► Execute Pre-Planned Incident Playbooks  │
  │   RECOVER  ──► Deploy Backup Datasets to Clean Sites   │
  └────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

These frameworks organize security governance activities into five core functions:
  1. Identify: Cataloging physical assets, software platforms, data flows, and regulatory requirements across the global enterprise to establish a baseline inventory.
  2. Protect: Deploying security controls—including access management, staff awareness training, data encryption, and network segmentation—to mitigate potential threats.
  3. Detect: Running security information and event management (SIEM) systems to continuously monitor network traffic, identify unusual behaviors, and flag potential security incidents early.
  4. Respond: Executing pre-planned incident response playbooks to contain security breaches, isolate infected systems, and manage communications during an incident.
  5. Recover: Coordinating disaster recovery plans to restore systems and data assets from clean backup sets, minimizing operational downtime.
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