This lesson applies TVM principles to the valuation of fixed-income securities. It covers the mechanics of bond pricing, the relationship between bond prices and interest rates, and key measures of interest rate risk.

• Bond Valuation Fundamentals: A bond is a debt instrument that promises to pay a specified amount of interest (coupon) and the face value (par value) at maturity. As outlined by Craig Holden’s “Excel Modeling in Corporate Finance,” bond valuation is a core application of TVM, covering annual payments, EAR (Effective Annual Rate), APR (Annual Percentage Rate), and foreign currencies.

• Pricing a Bond: The price of a bond is the present value of its expected future cash flows (coupon payments and par value) discounted at the required rate of return (yield to maturity or market rate). The formula is:

  • Bond Price = C × [1 – (1 + r)^-n] / r + FV / (1 + r)^n, where C is the coupon payment, r is the required rate of return, n is the number of periods, and FV is the face value.

• Relationship between Bond Price and Yield: Bond prices and yields move in opposite directions. When market interest rates (yields) rise, bond prices fall; when yields fall, bond prices rise. This inverse relationship is fundamental to fixed-income investing.

• Duration and Convexity: Duration measures the sensitivity of a bond’s price to changes in interest rates. Convexity is a measure of the curvature of the price-yield relationship. Higher duration means greater price sensitivity to interest rate changes. These measures are essential for managing interest rate risk in bond portfolios.

• The Yield Curve: The yield curve is a graphical representation of the relationship between bond yields and maturities. A normal yield curve slopes upward, indicating higher yields for longer-term bonds. An inverted yield curve slopes downward, often a predictor of recession.